CXCL9 and inflammatory bowel disease: Serum CXCL9 levels also reflect disease activity in both UC and CD (Caruso, 2019; Bergemalm et al., 2021; Boucher et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2022) and circulating CXCL9 was identified in preclinical CD and UC as an IBD-risk biomarker (Bergemalm et al., 2021; Leibovitzh et al., 2023) that predicts relapse in UC and CD (Kessel et al., 2021; Walshe et al., 2022).