INS and diabetes mellitus: We combined these terms using Boolean operators ("AND," "OR") to create search queries (e.g., “eating habits" OR "dietary patterns" AND "diabetes" OR "diabetes mellitus" AND "Saudi Arabia" OR "KSA", “food consumption" OR "nutritional habits" AND "type 2 diabetes" OR "hyperglycemia" AND "Saudi Arabia" OR "Middle East", "food choices" OR "dietary intake" AND "diabetes prevalence" OR "insulin resistance" AND "Saudi Arabia" OR "Gulf countries").