Importantly and consistent with the anti-leukemic effects observed in LSC-like cell lines, 50 nM venetoclax combined with 10 μM chiglitazar resulted significantly more robust apoptosis induction than monotherapy in CD34+ AML cells (Fig. 5A; P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0037, combination versus venetoclax or chiglitazar, respectively; n = 22). Here, CD34 is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.