Of the 96 genes with AP1 binding sites which were upregulated in microglia and macrophages with inflammatory stimuli in vitro, only Hexokinase 2 (HK2), Lymphocyte Cytosolic Protein 2 (LCP2) and Transcription Factor EC (TFEC) were upregulated in AD, MS, and ALS relative to non-disease controls. This evidence concerns the gene JUN and Alzheimer disease.