GRP and lung cancer: By comparing the diagnostic efficacy of serum circRNAs, EV circRNAs, and traditional clinical tumor markers for lung cancer, namely NSE, proGRP, CA125, and CA211 (Table 1 and Supplementary Table S3), we observed that hsa_circ_0041150 in EVs (AUC: 0.7531) (Supplementary Figure S2a) and in serum (AUC: 0.7145) (Supplementary Figure S2b) demonstrated greater diagnostic value for chemotherapy resistance compared to other circRNAs.