TGFB1 and lipodystrophy: Additionally, adipose tissue was absent in 33 (41.25%) of the 80 OSF samples (stage 1: 12/20; stage 2: 5/20; stage 3: 10/20; stage 4: 6/20), which could be due to increased TGF-β1 expression in OSF, resulting in lipodystrophy, as suggested by previous research [19].