In terms of cytokines, diverse inflammatory factors (including FN-γ, IL-1β, GM-CSF, M-CSF, MCP-1, VEGF, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13 and IL-17) are remarkedly upregulated in hosts upon infection (Hu et al., 2017). The gene discussed is IL4; the disease is infection.