PTEN and cancer: Moreover, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is an important tumour suppressor that can dephosphorylate phosphatidylinositol (Birney et al., 2007; Gyamfi et al., 2022; Vervoort et al., 2022)-triphosphate (PIP3) to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PIP2) and suppress the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway in various cancers (Bonneau and Longy, 2000).