BRCA1 and breast carcinoma: In addition, mis-splicing of tumor suppressor genes, such as BRCA1, PTEN in breast cancer (Okumura et al., 2011), and KRAS in lung cancer (Pio and Montuenga, 2009; Nussinov et al., 2016; Aran et al., 2018), are also reported to promote tumor initiation (Jung et al., 2015; Venkataramany et al., 2022).