In the presence of a CSF-1R inhibitor, TAMs polarization is promoted by granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GMCSF) and IFNγ.280 CSF-1R blockade has also been used in combination with insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) or PI3K blockade in recurrent gliblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients with significantly prolonged overall survival.281 Cabiralizumab, one of the fastest progressing IGF-1R inhibitors, has been used in combination with ICB in advanced solid tumours. Here, IGF1R is linked to glioblastoma.