CD274 and neoplasm: In an excellent review, key biological processes related to resistance are summarized into oncogenes, oncoproteins, loss of antigens, dysfunctional T-cell, lack of infiltrating TME, deregulated tumour immunometabolism, and genetic and epigenetic dysfunction.139 Established immune-based mechanisms include loss of neoantigens or PD-L1, defects in antigen presentation signalling, dysfunction of the local immune, and T cell exclusion.