Another study suggested that the expression of S100A9 is increased in MDS patients, which promotes the aging phenotype of bone marrow stromal cells through the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway, the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β secretion [35], in line with the above findings. Here, TLR4 is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.