TNF and malaria: To further characterise malaria-specific nnCD4+ T cell subsets at a molecular level, we performed RNA sequencing on IL-10+IFNγ+TNFα− and IL-10−IFNγ-TNFα+ nnCD4+ T cells isolated from three DPSP primigravid pregnant women at enrolment using a cytokine capture assay (>200 cells per sample, Supplemental Table S11, Fig. 5a).