TNF and malaria: In both cohorts, primigravid women had significantly higher percentages of malaria-specific nnCD4+ T cells co-producing IFNγ and IL-10 (IFNγ+IL-10+TNFα−) compared to multigravid women, even after adjusting for maternal age and parasitaemia at enrolment (p = 0.000023, Fig. 4a; Supplemental Figure S15; Supplemental Table S5 [Mann Whitney U test]).