IL1RAP and COVID-19: Consistently, antagonists of IL-1 signaling, such as IL1Ra (anakinra), anti-IL-1β mAb (canakinumab), anti-IL-1α mAb (MABp1), and a fusion protein consisting of the ligand-binding regions of IL1R1 and IL1RAP linked to the Fc region of human IgG1 (rilonacept), not only work as inhibitors of infectious or non-infectious inflammatory diseases (e.g. COVID-19 and arthritis), but also serve as promising therapeutic strategy in many chronic inflammatory diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, malignancies, and so on (Khazim et al., 2018; Garlanda and Mantovani, 2021).