NDUFA5 and avian influenza: Average serum HI antibody titers against avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines indicated a significant increase in the prebiotics group than the control group in weeks 3 and 4, and this matched with previous studies28, 37, 38 which indicated that the β-1,3-d glucans molecules are powerful reticuloendothelial-modulators, whose immunobiological action is mediated via inducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines.