ISG15 and infection: As shown in Figure 8, the mRNA expression levels of IL-6, IL-18, IFN-α, IFN-β, and ISG-15 were up-regulated during EV-G/YN23/2022 infection, while IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-λ3, and IRF-7 maintained in relatively constant levels, and no cytokines were significantly reduced.