TNF and COVID-19: Transcriptome profiling of in vitro models of the airway epithelium revealed increased expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α, CCL2, CCL20, CCL8, CXCL2, CXCL8, and CXCL16 (all of which are upregulated in severe COVID-19), resulting in lung injury and multiorgan failure [82,89,103,104].