CD4 and neoplasm: In the first study, the results showed a significant reduction in splenic CECs and an increase in CD8+ T cells when treated with US+CA compared to untreated spleens. There was no substantial difference in CD11b+Gr1+ cells (MDSCs), CD11b+CD11c+ cells (DCs), CD11b+F4/80+ cells (macrophages), or B220+ cells (B cells). In the second study, tumour growth was only inhibited when US+CA was combined with aPD-L1. The US+CA+aPD-L1 treatment demonstrated a significant increase in number of IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells.