VCP and neoplasm: To further support our hypothesis that miR-198 precipitates PDAC cell sensitization to gemcitabine treatment through downregulation of VCP, we determined the levels of miR-198 and VCP expression in treated and untreated tumor tissues and found that when miR-198 levels were increased through LPNP-mediated delivery (Figure 4a), both VCP mRNA (Figure 4b) and VCP protein (Figure 4c) levels were significantly downregulated and inversely correlated with miR-198 expression in mice treated with LPNP-p198 plus gemcitabine.