INSR and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Depending on the mode of its manifestation, there are several different types of diabetes, which include: (1) type 1 diabetes (T1D), which is caused by the destruction of pancreatic β-cells by the body’s immune system; (2) type 2 diabetes (T2D), which is characterized primarily by reduced insulin receptor sensitivity; (3) gestational diabetes (GD), which is recognized in the second or third trimester of pregnancy but was not concisely identified as diabetes prior to gestation; and (4) particular kinds of diabetes caused by different factors [7].