NFKB1 and neoplasm: Mechanistic experiments revealed the involvement of extract-mediated regulation of certain signaling pathways: (1) degradation of cyclin E/cdk2 and cyclin D/cdk4 complexes resulting in cell cycle arrest; (2) changing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio activating the apoptotic cell death pathway; (3) inhibition of the MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression blocking tumor invasion and metastasis; and (4) suppressing the activity of NF-κB by decreasing the level of p50 and causing inhibition of the NF-κB-regulated expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, anti-apoptosis, and invasion [131].