TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Inflammation is an important event that contributes to metabolic imbalances; thus, tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels (inflammatory mediators involved in obesity and glycaemia control (for review see: [33,40])) were evaluated in adipose tissue, liver, and pancreas samples obtained from animals fed either a standard or HS diet.