Given the remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of bilirubin and the role of inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of CIN and atherosclerosis, it would be interesting to initiate a clinical intervention that could raise serum bilirubin levels, possibly by inducing HO-1, as a potential strategy to prevent CIN [138]. Here, HMOX1 is linked to cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia.