In the cross-sectional analysis examining the associations with the number of odor identification errors at visit 5, older age, male sex, lower education, Black race (from Forsyth or Jackson), current or former smoking, any APOE ε4 (≥1 allele) carrier, diabetes, and anemia were significantly associated with worse olfactory performance (Table 2). The gene discussed is APOE; the disease is diabetes mellitus.