TNF and cardiac hypertrophy: In a murine model of myocardial hypertrophy induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery, NR dietary supplementation reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α), mitigated the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, the elevation of myocardial NAD+ level, and the improving of cardiac dysfunctions and morpho-functional changes (myocardial hypertrophy).