TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: On the other hand, metabolic diseases, such as MAFLD, T2D, and obesity, cause low-grade inflammation through certain proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha and IL-6, which can act as a steppingstone in a vicious cycle of hyperinflammation and cytokine storm, resulting in target organ damage [7].