PGF and preeclampsia: In PPCM, a previous study found that compared to two control groups of women with prior severe preeclampsia and prior uncomplicated pregnancies, respectively, who were matched on age and year of index delivery, women with PPCM had significantly higher levels of sFlt-1, PlGF, copeptin, and NT-proBNP and more frequently detectable cathepsin D (CD) activity.