According to our review of the literature, no clinical trial results currently exist for CS management, although a handful of clinical trials are currently recruiting patients for treatment strategies, including IL-1 blockade and the anti-granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) agent namilumab (www.clinicaltrials.gov under ‘cardiac sarcoidosis’ accessed on 4 August 2022 and 14 April 2023). Here, CSF2 is linked to Cowden syndrome 1.