GCG and neoplasm: In HL-1 cells, a tumor cell line showing some resemblance to cardiomyocytes, transfected with the glucagon receptor, glucagon (20 nM, 24 h) increased the PPARα protein translocation to the nucleus and, consequently, probably augmented the mRNA expression of the PPARα-target genes, such as carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b, via the MAPK-pathway [18].