Indeed, studies have already shown that incubations of various insulin-responsive cells with exogenous short-chain ceramides (C2-ceramides) lead to insulin resistance [64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71], suggesting that an extracellular supply of ceramides may also be deleterious to the cell and may play an additive role to that of de novo produced ceramides. Here, INS is linked to Insulin resistance.