EPCAM and cancer: In 2012, Kowalski et al. tested the efficacy of oportuzumab monatox (OM), an anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) single-chain humanized antibody linked to Pseudomonas exotoxin A. OM binds to EpCAM and is internalized into the cancer cell cytosol, where the toxin induces apoptosis.