AHR and infection: Indeed, both alphacoronavirus (H-CoV-229E and CCoV) and betacoronavirus (MCoV, MERS-CoV, SARS CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2) up-regulate AhR during infection in vitro [31,37,38,39,40,41], indicating AhR as a feasible target for antiviral therapy.