Further evidence of PKCα being a tumor suppressor has been provided in mice, where PKCα knockout contributes to the development of lung cancer, by upregulating K-Ras through a reduced activation of p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and a subsequent increase in Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) β1 [60]. The gene discussed is PRKCA; the disease is lung carcinoma.