Factors secreted by CAFs activate signaling pathways such as the transforming growth factor—beta (TGF-β) pathway, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) pathway, Wnt/β-catenin pathway, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathway, Hedgehog pathway, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in cancer cells that promote proliferation, survival, and migration [32,57,59]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.