Further analysis demonstrated that male patients with FD displayed an elevated level of TGF-β1 in both cohorts “No HCM-normal EKG” and with HCM (Figure 5E); in females, TGF-β1 was significantly elevated in the cohorts where there is evidence of cardiac involvement, including “No HCM-abnormal EKG” and with HCM (Figure 5F). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and Fabry disease.