PTEN and cancer: It is hypothesized that elF4E mediates tumorigenesis in cancers with uncontrolled mTORC1 activation, as seen in patients with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activation mutations, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss, as well as deletions in tumor suppressor proteins tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC1 and TSC2) [125,129].