ABL1 and Parkinson disease: In PD models, c-Abl inhibitors reduce phosphorylation of Cdk5, decrease phosphorylation and clearance of α-syn and parkin, and decrease levels of several parkin substrates such as zinc finger protein 746 (PARIS), AIMP2, fuse-binding protein 1 (FBP1), and synphilin-1 [17,32,36].