TNF and periodontitis: Specifically, GMSCs, particularly exosomes derived from GMSCs, convert macrophages to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, promote phagocytosis, and increase expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, but reduce expression of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and thus alleviate periodontitis and bone loss [51,52,53,54].