Along with that, by regulating T effector cells via the CD39/CD73 pathway and drastically reducing murine CD4+ T cell differentiation into Th1 or Th17, human GMSCs alleviated the diabetic condition in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes (T1DM) mice [47]. This evidence concerns the gene ENTPD1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.