For example, human GMSCs showed effective immunosuppressive functions in a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) by significantly decreasing the severity of arthritis through downregulating the inflammatory cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-17A), as well as upregulating CD4+CD39+Foxp3+ Treg cells and suppressing the differentiation of mouse T helper cells Th1, Th2, Th17 through CD39/CD73 signals [46]. Here, ENTPD1 is linked to arthritic joint disease.