In vivo, similar trends were observed for the mRNA and protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1β and IL-6), the chemokine MCP-1 and the miR-223-3p targeting gene PARP-1 in the lung tissues of LPS-induced ALI mice (P < 0.01, Fig. 8C–H, supplementary file 5). The gene discussed is PARP1; the disease is acute respiratory distress syndrome.