Indeed, proteins involved in insulin secretion, such as VAMP2, GNAQ and ATP1B1, and cell‒cell junctions and adhesion, including RAB10, ESAM, ponsin (SORBS1), afadin (MLLT4), and catenin beta (CTNNB1), appeared to be downregulated in PTDM compared to T2DM. This evidence concerns the gene ESAM and type 2 diabetes mellitus.