In participants with T2D, the swallow pre-load resulted in significantly lower PYY response (-3585.2 pg/mL [95% CI -6440.6; -729.8]) compared to the water pre-load, while the response in insulin and GIP were significantly higher, and no significant difference in response was observed for glucose, glucagon or GLP-1. Here, GIP is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.