ISG+ CD4+ T cells have been previously found in the blood and kidneys of patients with lupus nephritis (Arazi et al., 2019; Szabo et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2022), and in mouse during chronic viral infections (Crawford et al., 2014), allergic airway inflammation (Tibbitt et al., 2019), and colonic infection (Kiner et al., 2021). Here, CD4 is linked to lupus nephritis.