Cd-induced insulin resistance was shown in rodent models to be mediated by increased phosphorylation of insulin receptor at threonine 1375 and IRS at serine 308, up-regulation of ERK1/2 and S6K expression, and inhibition of Akt phosphorylation at serine 473, altogether resulting in impaired insulin signaling [85,86]. This evidence concerns the gene IARS1 and Insulin resistance.