TGFB1 and aortic aneurysm: Thus, immunohistochemical evidence of increased expression of TGF-β receptors, TGFBR2 and TGFBR3, as well as intracellular downstream effectors of the TGF-β pathway, SMAD2 and SMAD3, in the aortic media of LDS patients demonstrates that the TGF-β pathway has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysm and dissection [17].