Last, a combined treatment of nivolumab (anti-PD-1) seven days prior to surgery and VDX (a controlled IL-12 gene therapy) three hours before and fourteen days after surgery in patients with resectable recurrent glioblastoma has shown a great increase in serum IL-12 and tumor IFN-gamma postoperatively, leading to an ongoing phase-2 trial [62]. Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.