TNF and Compulsive behaviors: Several lines of evidence suggest that increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-12 (IL-12), but also autoantibodies with potential nervous system pathogenicity, are found in patients with PANDAS and related tic disorders, including TS, Sydenham’s Chorea (SC) and OCD [123,124].