CD4 and tropical spastic paraparesis: EVP-associated T-cell markers CD8 and CD2 were increased in HAM patients compared to HVs (p = 0.0002 and p= 0.0003, respectively) and MS patients (p = 0.001 and p = 0.0228, respectively), whereas CD4+ EVPs had overall lower signals and were not statistically different between groups (Figures 3A-C).