However, probably in response to brain damage as a result of virus replication and as an attempt of the host to clear the infection, high levels of the genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IFNγ1-2, TNF-α, IL-8 (cxcl8a), the enzyme COX2b, and the antiviral effector Mxa were also detected in the brain during TiLV infection (12, 66). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and infection.