VCAM1 and renal cell carcinoma: To further understand the relative immunotherapeutic targets and novel potential CSC markers in RCC, a NanoString analysis was done using the adherent cell lines and their corresponding CSCs without treatment, with treatment with shikonin alone as well as with shikonin combined with ipilimumab.Three common new CSC markers (IL-8, CXCL1 and VCAM1) were identified as promising immunotherapeutic targets due to the fact, that they were significantly higher expressed in each treatment group (Figure 7A).