SOD1 and epilepsy: According to several pieces of research, the body’s antioxidant defense mechanism relies on the enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to neutralize oxygen free radicals (Yüksel et al., 2000); furthermore, oxidative stress (OS) is the main mechanism underlying epilepsy in patients with epilepsy due to various causes (Zimmer et al., 2021).