TNF and neoplasm: Analysis of upstream transcriptional regulators of the observed differentially expressed genes predicted upstream activation of many immune related proteins, in particular following RT+CTLA4i, including IFNG (z-scores: 4.9 for RT; 8.3 for RT+CTLA4i), TNF (z-scores: 3.6 for RT; 7.2 for RT+CTLA4i), IFNA (z-scores: 3.7 for RT; 6.1 for RT+CTLA4i), and STING (z-scores: 3.1 for RT; 4.8 for RT+CTLA4i), consistent with the activation of an anti-tumor immune response (Fig. 2g).